New research from 精品SM在线影片 sheds light on the cognitive functions of male 鈥榞reen parakeets鈥� or budgerigars
On PetSmart鈥檚 website and in stores, the vibrant green, yellow, blue and white budgerigar, an Australian grassland bird, is listed as a 鈥淕reen Parakeets鈥� and is available for purchase for聽$39.99. The 鈥減arakeets鈥� are known for their intelligence and are even able to mimic human speech, but that intelligence might serve an even more important function: reproduction and pair bonds, according to a new study by a researcher at the 精品SM在线影片.聽
This new study in聽, titled 鈥淎n integrative measure of cognitive performance, but not individual task performance is linked to male reproductive output in budgerigars,鈥� found that female budgerigars choose males with high cognitive ablilities as their long term mates. Sexual selection varies in avian species, their physical condition may be prioritized for example. However, when female budgerigars choose their mates, a male鈥檚 cognitive performance is taken into consideration.聽Her research reveals new knowledge on a common pet and their cognitive abilities, which are not visible walking through the local PetSmart.
鈥淗ow do we assess intelligence?鈥� Angela Medina-Garc铆a, a postdoctoral fellow at 精品SM在线影片, asked. 鈥淭here are many aspects of intelligence. I have always been very interested in female preferences and sexual selection. It鈥檚 this whole story of what鈥檚 involved in the decision of choosing a mate and what are the females looking at?鈥澛�
To analyze the aspects of intelligence and female preferences, Medina-Garc铆a completed a thorough assessment of male budgerigars鈥� cognition. She did this by assigning 30 male budgerigars to four tasks that focused on problem solving, detour reaching, seed discrimination and spatial memory. After the males were tested on their cognitive performances, Medina-Garc铆a took note of 15 females鈥� mating choice processes鈥攕ocial pairing, extra-pair mating and continued reproductive investment鈥攖o see if the females chose to mate with more intelligent males.聽聽
Before integrating the males with the females, the male budgerigars executed the four cognitive tasks. Each task reflected a different cognitive ability and the budgerigar鈥檚 performance of each task was calculated into a total composite cognitive score. She developed a scoring system on a scale of one to four, four being the highest. If the male did not participate in the task, he would receive a zero. After performing the task, the male would be given a score and the male鈥檚 score could range from zero to 16.聽
Once the males received their score, the females joined the males to begin聽the mating choice processes.聽
鈥淭he one novelty of my study is that I looked at male or female preferences in a multi-stage framework. What that means is that for a species that is socially monogamous, they do form stable pair bonds, and some may last a lifetime,鈥� Medina-Garc铆a said. 鈥淗owever, they are not genetically monogamous in the sense that, once they鈥檙e paired, they look for matings with other birds outside the pair bond (i.e. extra-pair mates).鈥�
In the first stage of social pairing, the budgerigars were split into groups of nine (six males and three females, five groups total). Between nine and 76 days, 12 males formed stable pair bonds and the other 18 males remained unpaired. At the end of the first stage Medina-Garc铆a concluded that females do not choose social mates based on cognitive performance.
To test the second stage of pairing, 45 adults (30 males and 15 females) further mingled in an indoor aviary with 21 wooden nest boxes for six months while the nests were monitored daily. Medina-Garc铆a used molecular paternal analysis to determine which males produced the most offspring. She found that males who performed well in the cognitive tasks sired more offspring.
鈥淏ased on things that allow them to assess the quality of their mates quickly, one thing might be the warble song (the song produced by male budgerigars), and that鈥檚 why we didn鈥檛 see that the cognitive score play a major role in the initial choice (first stage), but then the female spans one, two breeding seasons with this male, and there鈥檚 plenty of opportunities for her to evaluate how good their mates are or how they solve cognitively demanding situations鈥� Medina-Garc铆a said.鈥� At this stage is when we see, in my study, that the cognitive score did play a role in female mate choice.鈥�
Medina-Garc铆a鈥檚 experiments were conducted at New Mexico State University in the biology department. She began the budgerigar project at New Mexico State as a PhD student and later completed the publication process as a National Science Foundation postdoctoral fellow in聽Rebecca Safran鈥檚 lab at 精品SM在线影片.聽Her advisor on the project was Timothy Wright, a professor in biology at New Mexico State.
鈥淚 think the fundamental result is really interesting that females do seem to care about cognitive abilities in males,鈥� Wright said. 鈥淟ike all good science, it leads to some very interesting follow up questions: do males care about the cognitive abilities of females? We didn鈥檛 test females at all. We had to start somewhere, and since sexual selection typically operates more strongly in males than females, we thought that would be the best place to start.鈥�
Wright noted Medina-Garc铆a鈥檚 perseverance through the entirety of the project, which reveals new information on this common bird.
鈥淚 think my study reveals a lot of things we didn鈥檛 know about budgies,鈥� she said. 鈥淚 feel like I鈥檝e opened the door to do even more research on, not just the budgies, but trying to understand the process of mate choice in animals.鈥�
