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Science fiction writers have long featured terraforming, the process of creating an Earth-like or habitable environment on another planet, in their stories. Scientists themselves have proposed terraforming to enable the long-term colonization of Mars. A solution common to both groups is to release carbon dioxide gas trapped in the Martian surface to thicken the atmosphere and act as a blanket to warm the planet.

However, Mars does not retain enough carbon dioxide that could practically be put back into the atmosphere to warm Mars, led by 精品SM在线影片鈥檚 Bruce Jakosky. Transforming the inhospitable Martian environment into a place astronauts could explore without life support is not possible without technology well beyond today鈥檚 capabilities.听

Although the current Martian atmosphere itself consists mostly of carbon dioxide, it is far too thin and cold to support liquid water, an essential ingredient for life. On Mars, the pressure of the atmosphere is less than one percent of the pressure of Earth鈥檚 atmosphere. Any liquid water on the surface would very quickly evaporate or freeze.听

Proponents of terraforming Mars propose releasing gases from a variety of sources on the Red Planet to thicken the atmosphere and increase the temperature to the point where liquid water is stable on the surface. These gases are called 鈥済reenhouse gases鈥� for their ability to trap heat and warm the climate.听

鈥淐arbon dioxide (CO₂) and water vapor (H₂O) are the only greenhouse gases that are likely to be present on Mars in sufficient abundance to provide any significant greenhouse warming,鈥� said Jakosky, a professor at the (LASP) and lead author of the study appearing in Nature Astronomy July 30.

Ice, dust and rock

Although studies investigating the possibility of terraforming Mars have been made before, the new result takes advantage of about 20 years of additional spacecraft observations of Mars.听

鈥淭hese data have provided substantial new information on the history of easily vaporized (volatile) materials like CO₂ and H₂O on the planet, the abundance of volatiles locked up on and below the surface, and the loss of gas from the atmosphere to space,鈥� said co-author Christopher Edwards of Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona.听

The researchers analyzed the abundance of carbon-bearing minerals and the occurrence of CO₂ in polar ice using data from NASA鈥檚 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Mars Odyssey spacecraft, and used data on the loss of the Martian atmosphere to space by NASA鈥檚 MAVEN () spacecraft.

鈥淥ur results suggest that there is not enough CO₂ remaining on Mars to provide significant greenhouse warming were the gas to be put into the atmosphere; in addition, most of the CO₂ 听gas is not accessible and could not be readily mobilized. As a result, terraforming Mars is not possible using present-day technology,鈥� said Jakosky.听

The atmospheric pressure on Mars is around 0.6 percent of Earth鈥檚. With Mars being further away from the sun, researchers estimate a CO₂ pressure similar to Earth鈥檚 total atmospheric pressure is needed to raise temperatures enough to allow for stable liquid water. The most accessible source is CO₂ in the polar ice caps; it could be vaporized by spreading dust on it to absorb more solar radiation or by using explosives. However, vaporizing the ice caps would only contribute enough CO2 to double the Martian pressure to 1.2 percent of Earth鈥檚, according to the new analysis.听

Another source is CO₂ attached to dust particles in Martian soil, which could be heated to release the gas. The researchers estimate that heating the soil could provide up to 4 percent of the needed pressure.

A third source is carbon locked in mineral deposits. Using the recent NASA spacecraft observations of mineral deposits, the team estimates the most plausible amount will yield less than 5 percent of the required pressure, depending on how extensive deposits buried close to the surface may be. Just using the deposits near the surface would require extensive strip mining, and going after all the CO₂ attached to dust particles would require strip mining the entire planet to a depth of around 100 yards. Even CO₂ trapped in water-ice molecule structures, should such 鈥渃lathrates鈥� exist on Mars, would likely contribute less than 5 percent of the required pressure, according to the team.

Carbon-bearing minerals buried deep in the Martian crust might hold enough CO₂ to reach the required pressure, but the extent of these deep deposits is unknown, not evidenced by orbital data, and recovering them with current technology is extremely energy intensive, requiring temperatures above 300 degrees Celsius (over 572 degrees Fahrenheit). Shallow carbon-bearing minerals are not sufficiently abundant to contribute significantly to greenhouse warming, and also require the same intense processing.

Atmospheric loss

Although the surface of Mars is inhospitable to known forms of life today, features that resemble dry riverbeds and mineral deposits that only form in the presence of liquid water provide evidence that, in the distant past, the Martian climate supported liquid water at the surface. But solar radiation and solar wind can remove both water vapor and CO₂ from the Martian atmosphere.听

Both MAVEN and the European Space Agency鈥檚 Mars Express missions indicate that the majority of Mars鈥� ancient, potentially habitable atmosphere has been lost to space, stripped away by solar wind and radiation. Of course, once this happens, that water and CO₂ are gone forever. Even if this loss were prevented somehow, allowing the atmosphere to build up slowly from outgassing by geologic activity, current outgassing is extremely low; it would take about 10 million years just to double Mars鈥� current atmosphere, according to the team.

This research was supported in part by NASA through the MAVEN and Mars Odyssey THEMIS (Thermal Emission Imaging System) projects.听