You鈥檝e seen it on Twitter. You've seen it on . Ye, the rapper and fashion designer formerly known as Kanye West, made headlines and topped social media feeds in recent weeks for his .听
The spate of public discussions about antisemitism has prompted celebrities like , , and to speak out against this type of hate speech, especially during a time when incidents of since the late 1970s.听
Singer Endowed Chair of Jewish History Thomas Pegelow Kaplan studies the history of antisemitic violence, language and culture in Central Europe and the United States. He spoke with 精品SM在线影片 Today about what antisemitism means and how it鈥檚 perpetuated today.听
What do you think about the term 鈥榓ntisemitism鈥櫶齣n its modern context and application?
Antisemitism is a very complex phenomena in terms of academic study. Over decades, scholars have introduced competing and often controversial readings of these radical ideologies and practices. This is听complicated by the fact that the very concept of antisemitism inadequately captures the many twists, turns and developments of the hatred of Jews throughout history.听
Singer Endowed Chair of Jewish History Thomas Pegelow Kaplan
Some scholars, especially those who consider the phenomenon the 鈥渙ldest hatred鈥� dating back to the pagan era, use the term 鈥渁ntisemitism鈥� to describe a wide range of anti-Jewish practices and discourses. This includes anti-Judaism with an emphasis on religious components, which, in its many forms, was especially dominant in medieval Europe. But even despicable narratives of 鈥淛ewish greed鈥� and the 鈥渞ichest race鈥� stereotypes have very different and evolving meanings.听
have advocated abandoning the term and introducing new ones. Others have discussed it at length, drafted more precise definitions and attempted to reach a scholarly consensus. The problem remains that many people, news outlets and political groups mean very different things when they evoke the term 鈥渁ntisemitism.鈥澨�
What鈥檚 caused the recent increase in antisemitic speech, violence and harassment?听
Antisemitism has historically spiked in times of fear and uncertainty, but this most recent uptick in antisemitic practices and expressions has reached a new quality鈥撯�搃n part due to its presence in social, civic and political institutions in the United States and abroad.听
With that, I'm referring to refugee crises (fabricated, real or imagined) on the southern border in the U.S., but also in and connected with the Syrian civil war, and most recently, the full-blown military conflict in Ukraine. In connection with all of these conflicts, we鈥檝e seen an associated increase in political support for, and expansion of, far-right and antisemitic movements that used to exist mainly on the political periphery.
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But that is the important difference: Now, we have people with these extremist ideologies even at the utmost and top level of governments. And while I think it's too much of an oversimplification to put the increase on any one person or group, there's no doubt that many of these fringe movements have seen these changes as an open invitation to speak out, mobilize and gain legitimacy. And when you see these antisemitic references on television, social media and even in presidential debates, there鈥檚 undoubtedly a resulting uptick in rhetoric and, ultimately, violence with deadly outcomes.
How did Trump's presidency impact antisemitism in America?
Antisemitism has been perpetuated and acted upon in various ways throughout history, but the key point is who legitimizes, incorporates and elevates those discourses. Regarding the recent impact, it wasn鈥檛 just Trump himself鈥撯�搃t was also the people he helped to bring into positions of power, including his former Chief Strategist Steve Bannon. Since then, we鈥檝e seen more influential figures and politicians engaging in this rhetoric and fanning the flames.听
All of this, combined with various other economic and political factors, elevates and legitimizes antisemitic ideas and gives way to white nationalist extremist groups like Proud Boys or incidents like the Jan. 6 attack on the United States Capitol. 听
But again, this oversimplifies the larger phenomenon. Even the outrageous displays of antisemitism that get lot of attention鈥攍ike those from Ye or Trump鈥攁re expressions of larger political, social and economic trends that enable people to be brought into positions of power and misuse it. If we reduce it to an individual, I think we're greatly in danger of underestimating a threat that we're all facing and will sadly continue to face for quite a while to come.
How do you think the recent public comments by Ye have affected the Jewish community in America?
My research has focused extensively on language and extremism and for me, these are all expressions of linguistic violence, which is not just something verbal but also material and very harmful. I think they're coming at a time when Jews in the United States are increasingly under threat by more segments of American society鈥攏ot just by extremist groups but also some partisan churches, political parties, members of the educated middle class and even pop culture icons.听
The Jewish community already feels under siege in light of increasing violent attacks鈥攊ncluding the tragic 2018 shooting of the Tree of Life synagogue in Pittsburgh, but numerous others as well. So it鈥檚 not surprising that these comments from such an influential figure like Ye, who has done so in a calculated manner while incorporating much-needed criticism of anti-blackness, have elevated these ongoing fears to a new level.听
