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How a phrase used by billions of Muslims worldwide lost its meaning.听

By: Max Dwight听
Course: Language & Politics (Ling 3800)
Advisor: Prof. Adam Hodges
LURA 2020

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In the spring of 2019, I was traveling in Lisbon, Portugal with a group of my friends. One day we were enjoying a walk through the narrow yet colorful streets when a local man ran by us yelling 鈥淎llahu Akbar.鈥� After this happened, one of my friends turned to me and said, 鈥淭hat鈥檚 what terrorists yell before they are about to commit an act of terrorism, we should get out of this area.鈥� Right after he said this we swiftly walked away, and nothing ended up happening. Following this, we went on with our trip as planned. I didn鈥檛 think about this moment again after it happened until I took Language & Politics with Dr. Adam Hodges. This was when I realized that the phrase 鈥楢llahu Akbar鈥� has a much different meaning than that of what my friend had told me it meant. After this experience, I was intrigued to learn what this phrase really meant and if it was actually something to be worried about if I were to hear someone shout it again in the street somewhere in the world.听

The words 鈥楢llahu Akbar鈥� translate to mean 鈥淕od is the greatest,鈥� which is an Arabic phrase frequently used by over 1 billion Muslims around the world. The phrase has a very significant meaning for Muslims and is often used as a call to prayer. It is used when someone sees a beautiful sunset, when a baby is born or when a doctor's patient gets better from treatment, when a favorite sports team wins a game, at a wedding, and even at funerals. In a 2015 video by the Los Angeles Times, Sukathee Phyakul says, 鈥淎llahu is so great, Allahu is everything for me, it is my heart and my soul that belongs to Allahu.鈥� There are many contexts in which this phrase can be used in a socially acceptable sense. This phrase can be considered just as common among Muslims as the words 鈥渢hank God鈥� are in the English language among Christians.听

Unfortunately, the meaning of Allahu Akbar has changed over the past several decades with the rise of terrorist attacks and the media's coverage and portrayal of them. In this research project for Language & Politics, I looked at the Arabic meaning of the phrase 鈥楢llahu Akbar鈥� and how the meaning of the word has evolved into a substantially more negative term in US public discourse. This process in linguistics is known as pejoration.听

Since the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the media has covered many stories on TV and in newspapers portraying 鈥楢llahu Akbar鈥� to be a phrase that is commonly spoken by terrorists before they carry out an act of terror. I studied various articles that all discussed terrorist attacks. I found a common theme throughout the various reports in that they all mention the perpetrator yelling 鈥楢llahu Akbar鈥� before committing the act of terror. There are a multitude of instances where this theme was reported; for example, in the New Orlando club shooting in 2016, reporters said the shooter was yelling 鈥楢llahu Akbar鈥� while the police were engaging with him. Another instance was at a Paris screening of the Joker when a man yelled 鈥楢llahu Akbar鈥� causing the audience to panic. In these portrayals, the phrase 鈥楢llahu Akbar鈥� has gone through pejoration where the meaning of a word or phrase shifts from a positive meaning to a negative meaning. 鈥楢llahu Akbar鈥� is a prevalent and real-life example of this semantic transition.听

In order for 鈥楢llahu Akbar鈥� to regain its positive connotations, it is important to educate and remind people that it is an Arabic phrase used in the daily lives of billions of Muslims as a call to prayer. Once people understand that this phrase has gone through pejoration in US public discourse, then people will begin to understand that its new negative meanings are the result of negative media portrayals that show its use only in negative contexts and events.

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